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While non-cancerous tumours can often be surgically removed, cancerous tumours present a more challenging situation. They are classified into four stages, with radiotherapy and chemotherapy typically required for stages three and four. Unfortunately, the prognosis for stage four tumours is grim, with a life expectancy of less than two years. Recurrence of brain tumours is possible, and they can affect individuals of any age, though they are most commonly observed in people between 20 and 40 years old. Certain tumours, such as medulloblastoma, may even manifest in girls as young as ten years old. Genetic mutations are frequently associated with brain tumours.
“Early detection of brain tumours determines the prognosis. Some tumours are familial. Genetic screening of family members helps prevent the further occurrence of these tumours in families. Lifestyle modifications like the avoidance of smoking, excess alcohol consumption, decreasing radiation exposure, consumption of foods rich in antioxidants like fresh fruits and vegetables, regular physical activity, etc., help in the prevention of brain tumours,” said Dr Bala Raja Sekhar Chandra, Senior Consultant Neurosurgeon, Yashoda Hospitals.
Dr Bala Raja Sekhar Chandra cited recent diagnostic advancements in neurosurgery like MRI brain with special sequences like tractography, functional MRI, etc., help in the exact localization of the tumor and its relation to important areas of the brain. PET-CT helps in the early identification of metastatic brain tumours. Advancements in brain tumour treatment have revolutionized the field, offering more precise and minimally invasive approaches for localization and excision. Techniques such as neuron avigation, awake craniotomy, and microscopic advances like fluorescein—guided resections ensure thorough removal while preserving critical brain functions. Real—time imaging modalities like intraoperative MRI and ultrasound guide surgeons for more accurate excisions. Endoscopic procedures have enabled the removal of tumours, such as pituitary tumours, without traditional open-skull surgery.
Additionally, advances in chemo and radiotherapy, coupled with detailed genetic analysis, have expanded treatment options, even for aggressive tumours, leading to improved survival rates. Modalities like Gamma Knife, Cyber Knife, MR Linak, and Proton Beam Therapy offer precise radiation treatment, sometimes eliminating the need for surgery altogether. Early identification remains crucial for favorable outcomes, and with these recent advancements, excellent functional recoveries are achievable.